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Vielä sen verran, että näytti siltä kuin sinulla olisi myös joitain lihansyöjien ja ei-lihansyöjien kokonaiskuollesuudesta kertovia raportteja. Itse olen nähnyt vain Willett'in ryhmän suuren tutkimuksen viime vuodelta , jossa VHH todettiin varsin edulliseksi - ja jossa eläinproteiini ei näyttänyt olevan hankalaa sekään.
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[...] Toistaiseksi uskon itse jalostamattomaan vanhanaikaiseen sekaruokaan
Ehkäpä tässä jotain sellaista mitä toivoit katsottavaksi:
(1) Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Sep;70(3 Suppl):516S-524S.
Mortality in vegetarians and nonvegetarians: detailed findings from a collaborative analysis of 5 prospective studies.
Key TJ, Fraser GE, Thorogood M, Appleby PN, Beral V, Reeves G, Burr ML, Chang-Claude J, Frentzel-Beyme R, Kuzma JW, Mann J, McPherson K.
Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom.
We combined data from 5 prospective studies to compare the death rates from common diseases of vegetarians with those of nonvegetarians with similar lifestyles. A summary of these results was reported previously; we report here more details of the findings. Data for 76172 men and women were available. Vegetarians were those who did not eat any meat or fish (n = 27808). Death rate ratios at ages 16-89 y were calculated by Poisson regression and all results were adjusted for age, sex, and smoking status. A random-effects model was used to calculate pooled estimates of effect for all studies combined. There were 8330 deaths after a mean of 10.6 y of follow-up. Mortality from ischemic heart disease was 24% lower in vegetarians than in nonvegetarians (death rate ratio: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.62, 0.94; P<0.01). The lower mortality from ischemic heart disease among vegetarians was greater at younger ages and was restricted to those who had followed their current diet for >5 y. Further categorization of diets showed that,
in comparison with regular meat eaters, mortality from ischemic heart disease was 20% lower in occasional meat eaters, 34% lower in people who ate fish but not meat, 34% lower in lactoovovegetarians, and 26% lower in vegans. There were no significant differences between vegetarians and nonvegetarians in mortality from cerebrovascular disease, stomach cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, or all other causes combined. PMID: 10479225
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/quer ... t=Abstract
Koko tutkimus:
http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/70/3/516S
Katso erityisesti taulukko 7 ja sen viimeinen
death rate ratio -rivi:
http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/70/3/516S/T7
Oma kommentti tutkimuksen tuloksista: Ei kovin mairittelevaa tavallisten sekaruoan syöjien osalta. Osoittaa, että on terveellisempää olla joko kalansyöjä, satunnainen lihansyöjä tai laktovegetaristi.
(2) Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Oct;72(4):912-21.
Prospective study of major dietary patterns and risk of coronary heart disease in men.
Hu FB, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Ascherio A, Spiegelman D, Willett WC.
Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
BACKGROUND: Previous studies on diet and coronary heart disease (CHD) focused primarily on individual nutrients or foods. OBJECTIVE: We examined whether overall dietary patterns derived from a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) predict risk of CHD in men. DESIGN: This was a prospective cohort study of 44875 men aged 40-75 y without diagnosed cardiovascular disease or cancer at baseline in 1986. RESULTS: During 8 y of follow-up, we documented 1089 cases of CHD (nonfatal myocardial infarction and fatal CHD). Using factor analysis, we identified 2 major dietary patterns using dietary data collected through a 131-item FFQ. The first factor, which we labeled the "prudent pattern," was characterized by higher intake of vegetables, fruit, legumes, whole grains, fish, and poultry, whereas the second factor, the "Western pattern," was characterized by
higher intake of red meat, processed meat, refined grains, sweets and dessert, French fries, and high-fat dairy products. After adjustment for age and CHD risk factors,
the relative risks from the lowest to highest quintiles of the prudent pattern score were 1.0, 0. 87, 0.79, 0.75, and
0.70 (95% CI: 0.56, 0.86; P: for trend = 0.0009). In contrast,
the relative risks across increasing quintiles of the Western pattern score were 1.0, 1.21, 1.36, 1.40, and
1.64 (95% CI: 1.24, 2.17; P: for trend < 0.0001). These associations persisted in subgroup analyses according to cigarette smoking, body mass index, and parental history of myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that major dietary patterns derived from the FFQ predict risk of CHD, independent of other lifestyle variables. PMID: 11010931
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/quer ... t=Abstract
Koko tutkimus:
http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/72/4/912
(3) Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Jan;73(1):61-7.
Association between dietary patterns and plasma biomarkers of obesity and cardiovascular disease risk.
Fung TT, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, Rifai N, Tofler GH, Willett WC, Hu FB.
Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA.
BACKGROUND: Although the effects of individual foods or nutrients on the development of diseases and their risk factors have been investigated in many studies, little attention has been given to the effect of overall dietary patterns. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to examine the associations of 2 major dietary patterns, Western and prudent, with biomarkers of obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. DESIGN: We used factor analysis to define major dietary patterns for a subsample of men (n = 466) from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study by using dietary information collected from food-frequency questionnaires (FFQs) in 1994. We calculated partial correlation coefficients between pattern scores and biomarker values adjusted for age, smoking status, energy and alcohol intake, physical activity, hours of television watching, and body mass index. RESULTS: We derived 2 major dietary patterns that were generally reproducible over time. The first pattern (prudent) was characterized by higher intakes of fruit, vegetables, whole grains, and poultry. The second pattern (Western) was characterized by
higher intakes of red meats, high-fat dairy products, and refined grains. Using pattern scores from 1994 and adjusting for potential confounders, we found
significant positive correlations between the Western pattern and insulin, C-peptide, leptin, and homocysteine concentrations, and an inverse correlation with plasma folate concentrations. The prudent pattern was positively correlated with plasma folate and inversely correlated with insulin and homocysteine concentrations. CONCLUSION: Major dietary patterns are predictors of plasma biomarkers of CVD and obesity risk, suggesting that the effect of overall diet on CVD risk may be mediated through these biomarkers. PMID: 11124751
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/quer ... t=Abstract
Koko tutkimus:
http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/73/1/61
(Lihavoinnit postittajan.)