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A Low-Glucose Eating Pattern Improves Biomarkers of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk: An Exploratory Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Feasibility Trial
by Susan M. Schembre 1,*, Michelle R. Jospe 1, Erin D. Giles 2ORCID, Dorothy D. Sears 3ORCID, Yue Liao 4ORCID, Karen M. Basen-Engquist 5 and Cynthia A. Thomson 6
1
Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
2
Department of Nutrition, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
3
College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
4
Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
5
Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
6
Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA

Nutrients 2021, 13(12), 4508; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124508
Received: 1 November 2021 / Revised: 24 November 2021 / Accepted: 14 December 2021 / Published: 16 December 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Diet and Physical Activity on Cancer Prevention and Control)

Abstract
Postmenopausal breast cancer is the most common obesity-related cancer death among women in the U.S. Insulin resistance, which worsens in the setting of obesity, is associated with higher breast cancer incidence and mortality. Maladaptive eating patterns driving insulin resistance represent a key modifiable risk factor for breast cancer. Emerging evidence suggests that time-restricted feeding paradigms (TRF) improve cancer-related metabolic risk factors; however, more flexible approaches could be more feasible and effective. In this exploratory, secondary analysis, we identified participants following a low-glucose eating pattern (LGEP), defined as consuming energy when glucose levels are at or below average fasting levels, as an alternative to TRF. Results show that following an LGEP regimen for at least 40% of reported eating events improves insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and other cancer-related serum biomarkers. The magnitude of serum biomarkers changes observed here has previously been shown to favorably modulate benign breast tissue in women with overweight and obesity who are at risk for postmenopausal breast cancer. By comparison, the observed effects of LGEP were similar to results from previously published TRF studies in similar populations. These preliminary findings support further testing of LGEP as an alternative to TRF and a postmenopausal breast cancer prevention strategy. However, results should be interpreted with caution, given the exploratory nature of analyses.