Conclusions

In summary, nutritional regimens (KDs and ketotherapeutic supplements) that generate increased KBs in plasma and the brain (ketosis) appear to have substantial potential to improve neuronal processes, such as mitochondrial metabolism, cell signaling, and neurotransmitter function. Additionally, KDs can reduce oxidative stress, inflammation, and toxicity, which can increase neural network stability and thereby improve cognitive function. There is a growing body of evidence supporting the benefits of KBs for some neurological conditions. However, there remains a lack of data from randomized, blinded trials in large populations and relevant subpopulations to determine the feasibility, sustainability, and long-term effects of ketotherapeutic interventions, either alone or as adjuvant treatments for CNS disorders.