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Can Circadian Eating Pattern Adjustments Reduce Risk or Prevent Development of T2D?

by Carlee Harris and Krzysztof Czaja *ORCID
Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA

Received: 22 February 2023 / Revised: 30 March 2023 / Accepted: 1 April 2023 / Published: 4 April 2023

: 22 February 2023 / Revised: 30 March 2023 / Accepted: 1 April 2023 / Published: 4 April 2023

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Diet on Gut Microbiota in Persons with Obesity or Overweight and Comorbidities)

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic condition that occurs in insulin-resistant people with reduced glucose uptake. It is contributed to and exacerbated by a poor diet that results in accumulation of adipose tissue, high blood sugar, and other metabolic issues. Because humans have undergone food scarcity throughout history, our species has adapted a fat reserve genotype. This adaptation is no longer beneficial, as eating at a higher frequency than that of our ancestors has had a significant effect on T2D development. Eating at high frequencies disrupts the circadian clock, the circadian rhythm, and the composition of the gut microbiome, as well as hormone secretion and sensitivity. The current literature suggests an improved diet requires meal consistency, avoiding late-night eating, low meal frequency, and fasting to increase metabolic health. In addition, fasting as a treatment for T2D must be used correctly for beneficial results. Early time-restricted eating (TRE) provides many benefits such as improving insulin resistance, cognitive function, and glycemic control. Alternate-day fasting (ADF), 5:2 fasting, and long-term fasting all have benefits; however, they may be less advantageous than early TRE. Therefore, eating pattern adjustments can be used to reduce T2D if used correctly.

Keywords: eating patterns; type 2 diabetes; microbiome; intermittent fasting; long-term fasting; time-restricted eating; alternate-day fasting; 5:2 fasting; circadian rhythm; metabolic hormones

The benefits of overnight fasting 12 hours of abstinence can positively impact healthStudy reveals the benefits of adopting a time-restricted eating approach

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In conclusion, the comprehensive review underscores the potential benefits of time-restricted eating in reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes and improving overall health. By adopting a pattern of fewer meals consisting of high-quality food and avoiding late-night eating, individuals can take proactive steps toward achieving better health outcomes.